Heroin enters the West like blood through veins. The heart, down in Mexico, pumps out its illicit products in cars headed north through small border towns like Antelope Wells, New Mexico. As regular as a heart beat, cheap and potent black-tar heroin comes north from cartel strongholds in the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit, over the border and on to Denver, to Salt Lake City, to Laramie and then even further: Bellingham, Washington; Salem, Oregon; and Anchorage, Alaska.
In 2014, the Drug Enforcement Agency estimated that a quarter-million pounds of heroin passed through the West. Since then, officials estimate that Mexico has increased its heroin production by 50 percent to quench the United States’ growing thirst for heroin.
The West’s open spaces allow drugs like black-market prescription drugs, narcotics and heroin to move faster here than in the highly compartmentalized East, which has higher populations concentrated in smaller spaces, says Ernie Martinez, director of the executive board for the National Narcotics Officers Association Coalition, a collaboration between federal drug enforcement officials and state and local-level officers, among others.
While the national heroin epidemic has put Eastern cities in the spotlight, the percentage of drug users in the West is actually greater than those in the East. Alaska, Montana, Oregon, Montana and Colorado have the highest percentage of people aged 12 and older that have used illicit drugs like heroin or methamphetamine in the past month, according to an anonymous survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Opioids, which encompass the numerous prescription painkillers on the market as well as street-manufactured heroin, now kill more people nationwide than guns or car crashes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Oregon and Colorado lead the country in rates of abuse of prescription painkillers.
Western overdose rates are also likely under-reported, says Tim Condon, a researcher at the Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions at the University of New Mexico. “Populations in the West are dealing with this epidemic in a more isolated way (than in the East),” he says. “Fewer people are coming out about their own abuse, so there is this incorrect assumption that it’s not happening here. It is.”
The West’s geography stymies law enforcement’s efforts to crack down: Isolated Western highway corridors span states and allow illegal drugs to move vast distances without being detected. “You have to look at the geography,” Martinez says. “The landscape is a lot wider and traffickers are moving through remote areas. It’s much tougher to find them.”
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Major arteries, according to a 2015 DEA report, begin in Los Angeles and Denver, where organizations have created strategic hubs to facilitate the movement of drugs through the West. From those strongholds, drugs travel across the country’s busiest highways, like Interstate 25 which moves drugs north to south and Interstate 70 which moves drugs east and west. Those freeways intersect in Denver, putting the city “at the center of an ‘X marks the spot,’” Martinez says.
Organized cartels from Mexico have succeeded at establishing strongholds in the West and are the region’s main suppliers. They include the Sinaloa Cartel, thought to have originated in the Mexican state of Sinaloa, and the “Xalisco Boys” of the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación from the Mexican state Nayarit, which have become known for dispatching heroin orders within urban hubs like a pizza delivery system, according to Martinez, who investigated the cartel in the Denver area.
To explore our data, click on a cartel in the legend on the left. The respective cartel’s strongholds in Mexico and its connections to Western distribution hubs will appear. From the cartel’s Western hubs, black-market drugs travel to the farthest reaches of the country.
Once heroin makes it over the border, it often lands at stash houses in San Diego, Los Angeles; Tucson and Phoenix and Nogales in Arizona; and Antelope Wells, New Mexico, before the substances make their long journeys from the Southwest to the Northwest and out to the Midwest and far east, according to Douglas Coleman, special agent in charge of the Phoenix Division of the DEA.
After those drugs depart from safe houses, distributors of illicit substances employ a number of tactics — burying drugs inside Coca Cola bottles or mock gas tanks in cars, shuffling drugs through secret tunnels or transporting them by planes that land on clandestine airstrips — to supply drugs to the region. In 2005, a Denver narcotics team busted heroin smugglers who stashed black tar heroin in an airbag compartment in the dashboard of the car, Martinez says. To access the hidden heroin, the smuggler had specific instructions to follow: put the car in neutral, turn the air conditioning or heat in the car to full blast and then swiftly hit the brake. The combination triggered a magnetic needle to open the compartment. “Nothing has changed since prohibition days,” Martinez says. “There are so many ways to smuggle and it’s only getting more creative.”
Responding to those methods has taxed the resources of community law enforcement that are struggling to get the opioid epidemic under control. “We do a good job at disrupting the major traffickers, but at the same time, you plug one hole on the dyke and the water comes out of another,” Martinez says. The prolific traffickers in the Rocky Mountain region — Colorado through Wyoming, Montana and Idaho — quickly adapt after such disruptions. “It’s like octopus arms; they are constantly moving and seeking new areas…There are just more (drug traffickers) than there are of us.”
Meanwhile, drug users are also changing. In Colorado, Martinez says he’s observed in shift over the past five years to a higher percentage of “poly drug users” that partake in a cocktail of drugs, rather than stick to a single substance. On top of the myriad drugs available on the street— hydrocodone, fentanyl, muscle relaxers and heroin —the marketing of prescription drugs by the American pharmaceutical industry has added to demand, Martinez says.
“It’s like every color of the rainbow of drugs is spreading everywhere,” he says. “Once we focus our efforts on catching heroin traffickers, the reach of another substance grows wider. The arm goes all the way to Montana, Idaho, the Dakotas and spills over into the Midwest and the East. It’s amazing.”
Paige Blankenbuehler is an editorial fellow at High Country News. She tweets@paigeblank
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