A bear of a season
The developed Yellowstone campground where John Wallace set up his tent last Wednesday probably made the national park seem relatively innocuous to the 59-year-old Michigan resident. It's peak season, after all, and the place was likely humming with human activity, cars, chatter -- those signs of weird, woodsy civilization peculiar to the West's iconic natural attractions that can mask such places' underlying wildness.
Sometime that same day or the next, Wallace set out alone on the Mary Mountain Trail, which winds 21 miles through the Hayden Valley and over Mary Mountain, offering views of meadows frequented by bison ... and passing into grizzly territory.
On Friday, two unfortunate hikers stumbled across Wallace's lifeless body 5 miles down the trail. An autopsy confirmed that he had been fatally mauled by a grizzly bear. His death is the second grizzly-related fatality this summer in a park that hadn't had a deadly mauling by a grizzly since 1986, and the fourth in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the last two years. The circumstances of the latest attack are still unclear.
But when combined with the long list of aggressive bear encounters that have made headlines across the West this summer, it might lead you to think there's something unusual afoot:
- On June 28, 61-year-old Lana Hollingsworth was attacked three times by a male black bear (which had apparently been attracted by a trash can) as she walked her dog at a country club in Pinetop, Ariz. She died of a brain hemorrhage related to her injuries a month later, after undergoing several surgeries including a skin graft to her scalp.
- Also in June, the body of 72-year-old Bernice Evelyn Adolph was found partially eaten and covered with debris in the woods behind her Lillouet, B.C., home. Officials determined that she had been killed by a black bear, and euthanized five they found frequenting the area, in case any of them had also fed on her body.
- On July 6, 57-year-old Brian Matayoshi was killed while hiking with his wife in Yellowstone by a mother grizzly bear defending her cubs.
- Colorado hasn't seen any bear-related deaths this summer (the last one was in 2009), but there have been at least three attacks. On July 15, a teenager camping near Twin Lakes outside of Leadville awoke to a black bear biting his leg. And two Fridays ago near Aspen, a black bear collapsed the side of a tent with two sleeping people inside, biting one of them. The following morning, in the same area, what was likely the same bear tore into another tent and bit its occupant several times on the lower leg. In both the latest instances, campers had hung and covered their food far away from where they were sleeping.
- In an especially dramatic incident in Alaska, a grizzly sow guarding a cub attacked a group of seven teenage National Outdoor Leadership School students, injuring four of them. The group was apparently on its 24th day of a 30 day backpacking trip in the Talkeetna Mountains.
But at least where fatal attacks are concerned, it doesn't seem to be an especially unusual season. Bears kill an average of three people per year in North America, according to bear attack expert Stephen Herrero of the University of Calgary -- a pretty paltry number when you consider that there are 1 million black bears and 70,000 grizzlies roaming the U.S. and Canada. Oftentimes, bear-human encounters increase in years when natural food sources are scarce. Texas' landmark drought has black bears acting a bit out of the ordinary, for instance. But it's been a year flush with moisture in much of the rest of the West, which should help keep food plentiful.
So what's the takehome? It's not rocket science: Bears are wild animals and powerful predators, and more and more people are spending time playing in the woods or moving their homes into bear country. Not only that, but climate change may already be forcing bears to wander farther afield for food. It's a delicate situation that demands that people act as respectfully as possible to head off conflicts. In residential areas, that means locking down garbage; in backcountry areas, it means doing everything possible to avoid teaching whip-smart bears to associate people with food. For a more comprehensive list of tips, check out the Center for Wildlife Information's Bear Aware page, or your local state wildlife department website (here's Colorado's).
And keep in mind that no matter what anyone does, casualties are inevitable on both sides, but in sum total they will always be much worse for bears. By around this time in 2009, that same year a black bear killed an older woman near Ouray, Colo., state officials had killed 25 "problem" black bears. And in California as of 2007, officials reportedly offed an estimated 100 problem black bears on average per year.
Sarah Gilman is associate editor of High Country News (and the former black bear beat reporter for the Aspen Daily News).
Photo of grizzly tracks in Alaska's Katmai Wildlife Refuge courtesy of Blue Moonbeam Studio.
"In Yellowstone, education and other efforts have helped managers reduce bear-caused injuries from an average of 47.9 a year in the 1930s — when just around 300,000 people visited each year — to an average of 5.1 injuries a year in the 2000s, even as park visitors have risen to nearly 3 million a year."
Saying that the bear is defending itself by killing someone who was 300 feet and walking away though, is only part of the story. Of course there is the usual attempt to blame all victims, the list of correct ways to act and things to do grow longer with every mauling. Now it includes not only carrying bear spray, making noise, only using designated trails, not having food or have handled food, and being respectful (That’s Mr. Bear to you), now you have to be in a party of 3 or more. Never mind that Park Service employees carry a “long gun” when they get nervous, don’t even speak of guns.
Unsaid is that the Park Service, the US Fish and Wildlife, and most other state and federal entities are very eager to delist the grizzly bear as they’ve been trying to do for a couple of years. Delisting from the endangered species act would allow much different methods of control and shift a lot of the costs and the headaches to the states.
Yellowstone, and I’m talking the greater Yellowstone region, saw a record number of grizzly deaths three years ago and one less than that record last year. The major cause of those deaths was humans in one form or another. Shot in self defense, or hit with cars, while preying on livestock, whatever. Bear deaths are almost to an unsustainable level. Too many dead bears and it will hurt their efforts to delist.
Now every single bear is important. Not biologically of course. The brown bear is one of the least threatened big animals, with one of the largest ranges in the world earning the “least concern” designation from the IUCN, it’s very lowest rating. What every single bear is important for is delisting, and three bears, as in this case, are invaluable.
Those are just the facts, though. It's important to keep these numbers in perspective. For example, in 2010, 34 people were killed by dogs. Many more were injured or maimed. If the argument is that we should kill everything that could hurt us, we should probably go after fido first. And maybe scrap our automobiles, tear up our freeways etc.
No, my remarks weren't kind. They weren't intended to be; they were intended as a jab at ignorant, hysterical three-S folk (shoot 'em, shovel 'em & shut up).
Sarah -
Thanks for the correction. I was quoting from a conversation with a Forest Service employee without having done my own research. My own ignorance was showing. I've since found the world-wide study of wolf attacks on humans done by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) in 2002. The finding of the report was that during the 100 years of the 20th century there were between twenty and thirty attacks in North America (including Alaska and Canada, which have relatively high populations of wolves). Of these, three were fatal, all because of rabies.
See http://www.hcn.org/[…]/the-casual-violence-of-driving. How many non-park animals will be killed just so that people can drive to the park and enjoy watching the iconic animals?
We are all part of a complex web. Without the aura of the park, the bears may have never gotten the attention to have a strategic preserve. With the park, we flock there to complicate the lives of the bears while we try to protect them. In our rapt attention, we casually ignore the hard realities of the way we live and the cumulative risks to them and us.
Since commenting here I learned that the Park Service considers bears to be acting defensively whenever they don't consume someone. Maybe they get sick of killing healthy bears. We have shared the same places for ten thousand years or more, we probably don't always get along that well.
I guess there were multiple different bear DNA samples at the site of poor Mr. Wallace. So maybe more bears know how we taste, and maybe it was actually another bear that did the deed. Certainly can't blame an animal for being what it is. I just shrug my shoulders, big predator, what can you say.
One thing I will say is that I'd think there's another HCN story here, all the right ingredients, big scary animal, Park Service policy that might have caused a fatality, endangered species, tourism, practically writes itself. What do you say Sarah?
--Sarah Gilman
High Country News Associate Editor
